B1. Adjectives: -ed and -ing
a. A lot of adjectives are made from verbs by adding ‘-ing’ or ‘-ed’
b. ‘-ing’ adjectives: amusing, shocking, surprising, frightening, interesting, disappointing, exciting, tiring, worrying, boring, terrifying, annoying, etc
c. If you call something interesting you mean it interests you. If you call something frightening you mean it frightens you. (e.g. I read a very interesting article in the newspaper today.)
d. ‘-ed’ adjectives: annoyed, bored, frightened, worried, tired, closed, excited, delighted, disappointed, etc.  
e. If something annoys you, you can say you feel annoyed. If something interests you, you can say you are interested. (e.g. The children had nothing to do. They were bored.)
f. Somebody is bored if something (or somebody else) is boring. (e.g. Ann is bored because her job is boring.) If a person is boring, this means that they make other people bored.
g. My job is boring/ interesting/ tiring/ satisfying/ depressing etc. the ‘~ing’ adjectives tells about the Job.
h. I'm bored with/ interested in/ satisfied with my job. The ‘~ed’ adjectives tells how somebody feel. (about the job) (e.g. Julie thinks politics is interesting vs. Julie is interested in politics.)

a. Fact adjective: new large/ round/ wooden etc., Option adjective: nice/ beautiful/ interesting/ delicious etc.
b. Option adjectives usually go before fact adjectives (e.g. a beautiful large round wooden table)
c. Order of fact adjectives: how big? - how old? - what colour? - where from? - what is it made of - noun (e.g. a big old white Korean cotton bag)
d. two or more colour: a black and white dress
e. a long black dress (not a long and black dress)
f. use adjective after be/ get/ become/ seem (e.g. Your friend seems very nice)
g. use adjectives to say how somebody/ something looks, feel, sounds, tastes or smells. (e.g. You look tired)
h. to say how somebody does something you must use an adverb (e.g. Drive carefully (not Drive careful))
i. say 'the first two days/ the next few weeks/ the last ten minutes' etc.

a. Intensifiers: We use words like very, really and extremely to make adjectives stronger. (e.g. It’s a very interesting story everyone was very excited.) Other intensifiers are: amazingly, exceptionally, incredibly, remarkably, particularly, unusually, etc.
b. We also use enough to say more about an adjective, but enough comes after its adjective. (e.g. If you are seventeen you are old enough to drive a car.)
c. Intensifiers with strong adjectives
d. Strong adjectives are words like: enormous, huge = very big; tiny = very small; brilliant = very clever; awful, terrible, disgusting, dreadful = very bad; certain = very sure; excellent, perfect, ideal, wonderful, splendid = very good; delicious = very tasty
e. We do not normally use very with these adjectives. We do not say something is ‘very enormous’ or someone is ‘very brilliant’.
f. With strong adjectives, we normally use intensifiers like: absolutely, completely, totally, utterly, really, exceptionally, particularly, quite (e.g. The film was absolutely awful.)
g. Adjectives as intensifiers: absolute, total (complete), utter (perfect, real)
h. We can say: He’s a complete idiot. They were talking utter nonsense. But we do not say: The idiot was complete. The nonsense they were talking was utter.

a. Mitigators are the opposite of intensifiers. When we want to make an adjective less strong we use these words: fairly, rather, quite (e.g. By the end of the day we were rather tired.)
b. and in informal English: pretty (e.g. We had a pretty good time at the party.)
c. But quite: when we use quite with a strong adjective it means the same as absolutely. (e.g. The food was quite awful. = The food was absolutely awful.)
d. Mitigators with comparatives: a bit; just a bit; a little; a little bit; just a little bit; rather; slightly (e.g. She’s a bit younger than I am.)
e. We use slightly and rather as mitigators with comparative adjectives in front of a noun. (e.g. This is a slightly more expensive model than that.)

a. Sometimes we use more than one adjective in front of a noun. (e.g. He was a nice intelligent young man. She had a small round black wooden box.)

b. Opinion adjectives
c. Some adjectives give a general opinion. We can use these adjectives to describe almost any noun: good, bad, lovely, strange, beautiful, nice, brilliant, excellent, awful, important, wonderful, nasty
d. Some adjectives give a specific opinion. We only use these adjectives to describe particular kinds of noun: Food: tasty, delicious; Furniture, buildings: comfortable, uncomfortable; People, animals: clever, intelligent, friendly

e. We usually put a general opinion in front of a specific opinion. (e.g. Nice tasty soup.)
f. often have two adjectives in front of a noun. (e.g. a handsome young man)
g. Sometimes we have three adjectives, but this is unusual. (e.g. a nice handsome young man)

h. Adjectives usually come in this order: General opinion + Specific opinion Size + Shape Age + Colour + Nationality + Material

i. We use some adjectives only after a link verb: afraid, alive, alone, asleep, content, glad, ill, ready, sorry, sure, unable, well (e.g. Our teacher was ill. (not We had an ill teacher.) My uncle was very glad when he heard the news. (not When he heard the news he was a very glad uncle.))
j. Some of the commonest ‘-ed’ adjectives are normally used only after a link verb: annoyed, finished, bored, pleased, thrilled (e.g. The policeman seemed to be very annoyed. (not He seemed to be a very annoyed policeman.))

k. A few adjectives are used only in front of a noun: north, south, east, west, northern, southern, eastern, western, countless, occasional, lone, eventful, indoor, outdoor (e.g. We can say: He lives in the eastern district. But we do not say: The district he lives in is eastern.)

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