a. We use adverbs to give more information about the verb and use adverbials of manner to say how something happens or how something is done. (e.g. The children were playing happily.)
1. use adverbials of place to say where something happens. (e.g. I saw him there.)
2. use adverbials of time to say when or how often something happens. (e.g. They start work at six thirty.)
3. use adverbials of probability to show how certain we are about something. (e.g. Perhaps the weather will be fine.)

b. An adverbial can be an adverb. (e.g. He spoke angrily.) or an adverb with an intensifier. (e.g. He spoke really angrily.) or a phrase with a preposition. (e.g. He spoke in an angry voice.)

c. We normally put adverbials after the verb. (e.g. He spoke angrily.)
1. or after the object or complement. (e.g. He opened the door quietly)
2. But adverbials of frequency (how often) usually come in front of the main verb. (e.g. We usually spent our holidays with our grandparents.)
3. But if we want to emphasise an adverbial we can put it at the beginning of a clause. (e.g. Last night we saw our friends.)
4. If we want to emphasise an adverb of manner we can put it in front of the main verb. (e.g. He quietly opened the door.)

a. Location: We use prepositions to talk about where someone or something is: above, among, at behind, below, beneath, beside, between, by, in, in between, inside, near, next to, on, opposite, outside, over, round, through, under, underneath (e.g. He was standing by the table.)
1. We use phrases with of as prepositions: at the back of; at the top of; at the bottom of; at the end of; on top of; at the front of; in front of; in the middle of (e.g. There were some flowers in the middle of the table.)
2. We can use right as an intensifier with some of these prepositions. (e.g. He was standing right next to the table.)

b. Direction: We use adverbials to talk about the direction where someone or something is moving. (e.g. Walk past the bank and keep going to the end of the street.)
1. also use prepositional phrases to talk about direction: across, along, back, back to, down into, onto, out of, past, through, to, towards (e.g. She ran out of the house.)
2. also use adverbs and adverb phrases for place and direction: abroad, away, anywhere, downstairs, downwards, everywhere, here, indoors, inside, nowhere, outdoors, outside, somewhere, there, upstairs (e.g. I would love to see Paris. I’ve never been there.)
3. often have a preposition at the end of a clause. (e.g. This is the room we have our meals in.)

c. Distance: We use adverbials to show how far things are. (e.g. Birmingham is 250 kilometres from London.)
1. Sometimes we use a preposition at the end of a clause. (e.g. We were in London. Birmingham was 250 kilometres away.)

a. We use adverbials of time to say. (e.g. when something happened) for how long (e.g. They have lived here since 2004.) how often (frequency) (e.g. They usually watched television in the evening.)
1. We often use a noun phrase as a time adverbial: yesterday, last week/month/year, one day/week/month, last Saturday, tomorrow, next week/month/year, the day after tomorrow, next Friday, today, this week/month/year, the day before yesterday, the other day/week/month

b. We use phrases with prepositions as time adverbials:
1. use ‘at’ with: clock times: at seven o’clock; at nine thirty; at fifteen hundred hours, and mealtimes: at breakfast; at lunchtime; at teatime, and in these phrases: at night; at the weekend; at Christmas; at Easter
2. use ‘in’ with seasons of the year: in spring/summer/autumn/winter, years and centuries: in 2009; in 1998; in the twentieth century, and months: in January/February/March etc., and parts of the day: in the morning, in the evening.
3. use ‘on’ with: days: on Monday/Tuesday/Wednesday etc, and on Christmas day; on my birthday, and dates: on the thirty first of July; on June 15th

c. We say at night when we are talking about all of the night. (e.g. When there is no moon it is very dark at night.)
1. but we say in the night when we are talking about a short time during the night. (e.g. He woke up twice in the night.)
2. We use the adverb ago with the past simple to say how long before the time of speaking something happened. (e.g. I saw Jim about three weeks ago.)

a. We use ‘for’ to say how long. (e.g. We have been waiting for twenty minutes.)
1. use ‘since’ with the present perfect or the past perfect to say when something started. (e.g. I have worked here since December.)
2. use ‘from ~ to/ until’ to say when something starts and finishes. (e.g. They stayed with us from Monday to Friday.)

b. We use 'still' to show that something continues up to a time in the past present or future. It goes in front of the main verb. (e.g. The children still enjoyed playing games.) or after the present simple or the past simple of be. (e.g. Her grandfather is still alive.)
1. use 'already' to show that something has happened sooner than it was expected to happen. Like still, it comes before the main verb. (e.g. The car is OK. I’ve already fixed it.) or after the present simple or past simple of the verb be. (e.g. It was early but we were already tired.)
2. use 'yet' in a negative or interrogative clause, usually with perfective aspect (especially in British English), to show that something has not happened by a particular time. 'yet' comes at the end of the sentence. (e.g. It was late, but they hadn’t arrived yet.)

a. The commonest adverbials of frequency are: always, never, normally, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, usually
1. We usually put adverbials of frequency in front of the main verb. (e.g. We often spend Christmas with friends.)
2. but they usually come after the verb ‘be’. (e.g. He was always tired in the evening.)
3. We use the adverbial ‘a lot’ to mean often or frequently. It comes at the end of the clause. (e.g. We go to the cinema a lot.)
4. but before another time adverbial. (e.g. We go to the cinema a lot at the weekend.)
5. We use ‘much’ with a negative to mean not often. (e.g. We don’t go out much. (= We don’t go out often))
6. We use how often or ever to ask questions about frequency. How often comes at the beginning of the clause. (e.g. How often do you go to the cinema?), and ever comes before the main verb. (e.g. Do you ever go to the cinema at the weekend?)
7. Longer frequency phrases, like every year or three times a day usually come at the end of the clause. (e.g. I have an English lesson twice a week.)

a. We use adverbials of probability to show how certain we are about something. The most frequent adverbials of probability are: certainly, definitely, maybe, possibly, clearly, obviously, perhaps, probably
1. maybe and perhaps usually come at the beginning of the clause. (e.g. Perhaps the weather will be fine. Maybe it won’t rain.)
2. Other adverbs of possibility usually come in front of the main verb. (e.g. He is certainly coming to the party.)
3. but after am, is, are, was, were. (e.g. They are definitely at home.)

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