C1. Adverbs of manner
a. Adverbs of manner are usually formed from adjectives by adding '–ly' (e.g. badly, quietly, recently, suddenly, etc.)
b. but there are sometimes changes in spelling (e.g. easy -> easily, gentle -> gently, etc.)
c. If an adjective ends in ‘–ly’ we use the phrase 'in a ~' way to express manner. (e.g. Silly -> He behaved in a silly way. Friendly -> She spoke in a friendly way.)
d. A few adverbs of manner have the same form as the adjective. (e.g. They all worked hard.)
e. But 'hardly' and 'lately' have different meanings. (e.g. He could hardly walk = It was difficult for him to walk. I haven’t seen John lately = I haven’t seen John recently.)
f. We often use phrases with 'like' as adverbials of manner. (e.g. She slept like a baby. He ran like a rabbit.)
g. We very often use adverbials with like after link verbs. (e.g. Her hands felt like ice.)
h. But we do not use other adverbials of manner after link verbs. We use adjectives instead. (e.g. They looked happy.)
C2. Adverb Word Order
a. Some adverbs (always, also, probable, all, both) go with the verb in the middle of a sentence. (e.g. The concert will probably be cancelled. We are all going out this evening.)
1. If verb is one word (drive, fell, cooked etc.), the adverb usually goes before the verbs. (e.g. I cleaned the house and also cooked the dinner. (not cooked also))
2. These adverbs (always, often, also etc.) go before have. (e.g. John never phones me. I always have to phone him.)
3. But adverbs go after am/ is/ are/ was/ were (e.g. We were felling very tired and we were also hungry.)
4. Verb is two or more words (can remember; doesn't eat), the adverb usually goes after the first verb (can, doesn't, will etc.) (e.g. You have always been very kind to me.)
5. Probably goes before a negative (isn't/ won't etc.) (e.g. I probably won't see you.)
b. Sometimes we use is/ will/ did etc. instead of repeating part of a sentence. (e.g. He always says he won't be late, but he always is. (= he is always late) I've never done it and I never will. (= I will never do it))
1. We normally put always/ never etc. before the verb in sentences like above.
c. The verb and the object normally go together, not usually put other words between them. (e.g. Our guide spoke English fluently. (not spoke fluently English))
1. the verb and the place (where?) go together (e.g. go home, walk to work)
2. If verb has an object, the place comes after the 'verb + object' (e.g. meet a friend in the street)
3. Time (when?/ how often?/ how long?) usually goes after place. (e.g. I'm going to Paris on Monday.)
4. It is often possible to put time at the beginning of the sentence. (e.g. On Monday I'm going to Paris)