A period (USA) or full stop (U.K. and Commonwealth) is used to end a sentence.
A comma (,) has many uses: to list things; to separate two sentences with a conjunction; to separate parts of a sentence; to indicate a pause in a sentence or question.
A question mark (?) is used when writing a question, to make an inquiry, or to ask something.
An exclamation mark (!) is used to write about a strong emoticon, or to write the words a person shouted.
An apostrophe (') has two main uses: Ownership and Contractions (e.g. can't)
A Quotation marks (double quotation mark for direct speech: " "; single quotation mark for quote: ' ') is used around the words that people have said, or direct speech, or quote. They are used in pairs. In British English, quotation marks are called inverted commas, and the single ones are used more frequently than the double for direct speech. 
A Colons (:) can be used at the beginning of a list, is to have no spaces before, and one space after a colon.
A semicolon (;) is to connect two independent clauses into a single sentence, and is to separate items in a series when the items contain parenthetical elements within themselves.
An ellipsis (…) is used to show where words have been missed out when writing what a person said. It can also be used to show that there is more to be said but the person stopped at that point.
A hyphen (-) is used for some words can be added with a hyphen to change the meaning, and a hyphen is used to spell out some numbers, and so on.
A parentheses ( ) (always used in pairs) is used to a writer to provide additional information.