G. use ‘~ing’ clauses to say what somebody (or something) is (or was) doing at a particular time.
G1. can also use an ‘~ing’ clause to say what happens all the time, not just at a particular time.
H. ‘-ed’ clauses have a passive meaning
H1. The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital. (he was injured in the accident)
H2. can use ‘left’ in this way, with the meaning ‘not used, still there’.
I. We often use ‘-ing and -ed’ clauses after there is/ there was etc.